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editor 鱼晓事儿Date 20210907CATTI真题精讲6
2020年11月二笔考试的第二篇
这篇文章讲的是社交媒体虚假消息的传播
我个人觉得要比【CATTI-2020年11月二笔英译汉第一篇(精读笔记+译文解析)】这篇难一点点
原文来自Scientific American:How Misinformation Spreads—and Why We Trust It
翻译+解析produced by:鱼晓事儿
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Para1
In the mid-1800s a caterpillar, the size of a human finger, began spreading across the northeastern U.S. This appearance of the tomato hornworm was followed by terrifying reports of fatal poisonings and aggressive behavior towards people. In July 1869 newspapers across the region posted warnings about the insect, reporting that a girl had died after a run-in with the creature. That fall a local newspaper printed an account from a doctor. The physician warned that the caterpillar was “as poisonous as a rattlesnake” and said he knew of three deaths linked to its venom.
在19世纪中期,一种毛毛虫开始在美国东北部蔓延,个头有人的手指大小。这种名叫西红柿天蛾幼虫的毛毛虫出现之后,有骇人的报道称:该虫有剧毒,导致数人中毒身亡,并且对人类有攻击性行为。1869年7月,该地区的报纸刊登了关于这种昆虫的警告,报道说一个女孩在被虫子咬了以后死亡。那年秋天,当地一家报纸刊登了一位医生的对于这则病例的解释。这位医生警告说,这种毛毛虫“和响尾蛇一样毒”,他还说,他知道有三起死亡与它的毒液有关。
the size of a human finger是插入语,对前面 a caterpillar的补充说明。去掉这部分文意不受影响,所以翻译的时候也可以分开来翻译。【译文说明】fatal poisonings:注意这里,fatal 是致命的,poisoning意思是中毒,加了s表示是复数,那么就应该是“多起中毒身亡”的意思。到文中把意思说明白了就是该虫有剧毒,导致数人中毒身亡caterpillar:n.[ktpl(r)]毛毛虫;蠋(蝴蝶或蛾的幼虫)【译文说明】This appearance of the tomato hornworm 这里的the tomato hornworm 指的就是上文的caterpillar吧,因为tomato hornworm之前有定冠词the表示特指。那么在翻译的时候就要补充说明一下(这种名叫)这种名叫西红柿天蛾幼虫的毛毛虫出现之后....aggressive behavior:攻击性行为 aggressive:adj.;挑衅的;侵略的;富于攻击性的run-in的意思是争论;争吵;冲突但是这个女孩子肯定不可能和虫子争吵争论啊,所以应该是被虫子咬了一下。account:n.[kant]熟词僻意在这里是解释,说明,叙述的意思venom:n.[venm](毒蛇、蜘蛛等分泌的)毒液Para2
Although the hornworm is a voracious eater that can strip a tomato plant in a matter of days, it is, in fact, harmless to humans. Entomologists had known the insect to be innocuous for decades, and his claims were widely mocked by experts. So why did the rumors persist even though the truth was readily available? People are social learners. We develop most of our beliefs from the testimony of trusted others such as our teachers, parents and friends. This social transmission of knowledge is at the heart of culture and science. But as the tomato horn worm story shows us, our ability has a gaping vulnerability: sometimes the ideas we spread are wrong.
尽管这种天蛾幼虫生性贪婪,可以在几天内吃掉一株番茄,但事实上,它对人类是无害的。昆虫学家几十年前就知道这种昆虫是无害的,医生的说法遭到了昆虫专家们的普遍嘲笑。那么,为什么在真相唾手可得的情况下,谣言依然存在呢?这是因为人类是社会学习者。我们的大部分观念都是靠我们的老师、父母和朋友口耳相传建立起来的。这种知识的社会传播是文化和科学的核心。但是,正如番茄天蛾幼虫的故事告诉我们,我们传播知识的能力有一个巨大的弱点:有时候我们传播的观点是错误的。
【译文说明】strip原意是把...撕成条状,但是这里的天蛾幼虫把番茄撕成条状也没道理啊,并且前半句也说了,它是a voracious eater,那肯定是把一株番茄吃了。注意不是吃番茄本身,而是a tomato plant(一株番茄),连着果实和茎叶一起吃了。Entomologists:n.昆虫学者had known:表示这个句子是过去完成时innocuous:adj.[nkjus]无害的;无危险的【译文说明】his claims指的是第一段中 That fall a local newspaper printed an account from a doctor。claims就是医生说的话be mocked by sb:遭到某人的嘲笑persist:v.维持;保持;持续存在 If the symptoms persist, consult your doctor.如果症状持续不消除,就得去看医生。【译文说明】第句,直译是我们的大部分观念都是来自于我们信任的人的证词,比如我们的老师、父母和朋友。但是其实生活中的很多观念并不涉及到证词,这句话想表达的意思是,在与身边亲近的人口耳相传的过程中,我们建立起了属于自己的观念。testimony:n.[testmni]证据;证明transmission:/trnsmn/传送;传播sth is at the heart of...某物是....的核心gaping:这个词本意是“裂口的”,这里引申为“巨大的”。vulnerability:n.[vlnrblti]易损性;弱点
Para3
Over the past five years the ways in which the social transmission of knowledge can fail us have come into sharp falls. Misinformation shared on social media has fueled an epidemic of false belief. The same basic mechanisms that spread fear about the tomato horn worm have now intensified and, in some cases, led to a profound public mistrust of basic societal institution.
在过去的五年里,知识的社会化传播使我们对信息失望的情况急剧减少。在社交媒体上分享的错误信息,助长了错误观念的扩散。同样的基本机制,传播了人类对于番茄天蛾幼虫的恐惧,如今加剧了公众对社会制度的不信任,并且在在某些情况下,也导致了公众对基本社会制度的严重不信任。
in which引导定语从句,先行词是 the ways。其实这里的引导词换成that或者直接省略都行。come into sharp falls:急剧下降。【译文说明】第句中intensified和led to的宾语都是破折号之后的a profound public mistrust of basic societal institution,因此在翻译的时候为了把话说明白可以采取分译的形式。societal institution:社会制度。societal:adj.[ssatl]社会的
Para4
“Misinformation” may seem like a misnomer here. After all, many of today’s most damaging false beliefs are initially driven by acts of disinformation, which are deliberately deceptive and intended to cause harm. But part of what makes disinformation so effective in an age of social media is the fact that people who are exposed to it share it widely among friends and peers who trust them, with no intention of misleading anyone. Social media transforms disinformation into misinformation.
“错误信息”在这里似乎用词不当。毕竟,今天许多最具破坏性的错误观念,最初都是因为故意歪曲信息而造成的,这些行为是蓄意欺骗并且意图造成伤害。但在社交媒体时代,虚假信息之所以如此有效,部分原因在于,接触过虚假信息的人会在信任他们的朋友和同龄人中广泛分享信息,无意误导任何人。社交媒体将错误信息传播成了虚假信息。
misnomer: n.[msnm(r)]使用不恰当(或不准确)的名称;用词不当disinformation:(尤指政府机构故意发布的)虚假信息,假消息be exposed to:接触,受…的影响...with no intention of misleading anyone.是第句的伴随状语。with no intention of doing sth:没有做某事的打算
Para5
Many social scientists have tried to understand how false beliefs persist by modeling the spread of ideas as a contagion. In a contagion model, ideas are like viruses that go from mind to mind. You start with a network, which consists of nodes, representing individuals, and edges, which represent social connections. You seed an idea in one “mind” and see how it spreads.
为了理解为什么错误信息会持续存在,很多社会科学家按传染病传播的方式来模拟思想传播的模型。在传播模型中,思想就像病毒,从一个大脑传播到另一个大脑。这样的模型需要一个网络,它由代表个人的节点和代表社会联系的边组成。你在一个“头脑”中播下一个想法,看看它是如何传播的。
【译文说明】by modeling the spread of ideas as a contagion.如果直译成“通过将思想的传播建模为传染病(传播的形式)”就有点拗口了,不如理顺了,整理成“按传染病传播的方式来模拟思想传播的模型”。contagion:n.[kntedn]传染病go from mind to mind:这里讲的是思想的传播,那么mind在这里指的肯定就是(人的)大脑了啊。【译文说明】You start with a network:翻译到这里肯定要结合这个段落的意思来理解,不然容易把network理解成互联网,但是呢,第句中已经说了社会科学家是建立了一个思想传播的模型云云,所以这里的network就是他们建立的这个模型啊(大概是在电脑上绘图的一个网络传播模型)。不过从逗号后面这个定语从句也能看出来,说的就是这个network,也就是模型的组成。
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